Monday, October 27, 2008
Friday, June 6, 2008
New yamaha FZ 150
specification
•Engine: 153.7 CC four-stroke, air-cooled, single-cylinder, 2 valves, SOHC
•Power: 15PS @ 8,400 RPM (Estimated)
•Gearbox: 5-speed
•Fuel System: 26mm CV Carb
•Wheels (F/R): 5-spoke 17? die-cast alloys
•Tyres(F/R): 100/60-R17, 140-60-R17
•Brakes(F/R): 267mm single cross-drilled ventilated rotor with 2-pot calipers / 130mm drum
•Suspension: Front: 41mm Telescopic Forks - Rear: Monocross type
•Headlight: 12V 35W Halogen with Multifocal Reflector
•Exhaust System: Mid Ship type, side mounted
•Tank capacity : 13 litres
Thursday, May 29, 2008
New yamaha r15
SPECIFICATION:
-150cc, 20-22bhp
- 120kgs only
- 0-60km/h in 3.0 sec
- 0-100km/h in 9 sec (The Pulsar 220 manages in around 13)
- top speed : 145km/h true, 155km/h on speedometer (The Pulsar 220 does around 133km/h true)
- fuel economy : around 35-40kmpl in city riding conditions
The bike will be called Yamaha R15. Pricing will be around 80000-85000 and will be totally worth it.
Thursday, May 8, 2008
Thursday, April 24, 2008
Indias first low prize car TATA NANO
SPECIFICATIONS :
Price: 1.2lakh onwards
Engine: 624cc, in-line, twin-cylinder
Power: 34PS@5500rpm
Torque: 48Nm@2500rpm
Gearbox: 4-speed manual; Cable operated
Top Speed: 95-100kmph (Speculated)
Fuel Efficiency: 20kmpl (claimed)
Length: 3100mm
Width: 1500mm
Height: 1600mm
Wheelbase: 2230mm
Ground Clearance: 180mm
Fuel Tank Capacity: 15lt.
Kerb Weight: ~ 600kg.
Monday, April 7, 2008
When programmer's programs don't work
Top 20 replies by Programmers to Testers when their programs don't work
20. "That's weird..."
19. "It's never done that before."
18. "It worked yesterday."
17. "How is that possible?"
16. "It must be a hardware problem."
15. "What did you type in wrong to get it to crash?"
14. "There is something funky in your data."
13. "I haven't touched that module in weeks!"
12. "You must have the wrong version."
11. "It's just some unlucky coincidence."
10. "I can't test everything!"
9. "THIS can't be the source of THAT."
8. "It works, but it hasn't been tested."
7. "Somebody must have changed my code."
6. "Did you check for a virus on your system?"
5. "Even though it doesn't work, how does it feel?
4. "You can't use that version on your system."
3. "Why do you want to do it that way?"
2. "Where were you when the program blew up?"
1. "It works on my machine"
20. "That's weird..."
19. "It's never done that before."
18. "It worked yesterday."
17. "How is that possible?"
16. "It must be a hardware problem."
15. "What did you type in wrong to get it to crash?"
14. "There is something funky in your data."
13. "I haven't touched that module in weeks!"
12. "You must have the wrong version."
11. "It's just some unlucky coincidence."
10. "I can't test everything!"
9. "THIS can't be the source of THAT."
8. "It works, but it hasn't been tested."
7. "Somebody must have changed my code."
6. "Did you check for a virus on your system?"
5. "Even though it doesn't work, how does it feel?
4. "You can't use that version on your system."
3. "Why do you want to do it that way?"
2. "Where were you when the program blew up?"
1. "It works on my machine"
The Supreme Stunner Beauties
'A nyone who keeps the ability to see beauty never grows old.'
Going by those famous words from Franz Kafka, here are some women destined to keep men around the world forever young.
Here are the results of the Harpers & Queen magazine's list of the most beautiful women in the world, as compiled by 1,000 experts from the worlds of fashion, arts, and the media.
10. Charlotte, of Monaco
The most beautiful European princess, young Charlotte Marie Pomeline Casiraghi has many an admirer, blue-blooded and otherwise.
The attractive girl with an obsession for equestrian sport is legendary actress Grace Kelly's granddaughter.
9. Aishwarya Rai
Yes, that's right!
The esteemed British publication has our very own Ms Rai breaking into the top ten.
8. Kate Moss
Stirring up immense controversy in the early part of her career for her notoriously thin 'waif' look, Kate is indeed a dramatically dazzling woman.
Recently, a warped painting of Kate by Lucian Freud, picturing her as naked and visibly pregnant, sold at Christie's for $7.2 million.
7. Emmanuelle B� art
A luscious French actress, Emmanuelle is a classical European enchantress.
Daughter of French singer and poet Guy B �art, her greatest success till date is her role as a nude model in Michel Piccoli's 1991 film, Belle noiseuse, La, or The Beautiful Troublemaker.
And her negative outing in the Tom Cruise-starrer Mission Impossible .
6. Uma Thurman
Ah yes. The Bride is back.
Uma Karuna Thurman, a moniker decidedly strange by Boston standards, was named thus by her celebrated Buddhist scholar father, Robert S Thurman.
Nominated for an Academy Award for her terrific work in Pulp Fiction , Uma's most memorable turn came with another Quentin Tarantino project she co-conceptualised: the fantastic Kill Bill films.
If death were to greet one, wielding a samurai sword -- God, let it look like Uma.
5. Nigella Lawson
Nigella Lawson is probably the only person in history to have declined an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) honour for 'her services to journalism and cookery', (in 2001).
The ravishing chef is often a subject of discussion amid young British males, most of whom presumably responded to the title of her cookbook, Nigella Bites, with an amused, 'oh, does she?
4. Sofia Coppola
A surprising decision, it's nonetheless fabulous to see the unconventionally irresistible young director so high up on a list like this.
Francis Ford Coppola's daughter, her film debut was as the baby (boy!) in the christening scene toward the climax of The Godfather (1972).
Sofia, winner of an Oscar for Lost In Translation, is currently dating Quentin Tarantino.
3. Queen Rania, of Jordan
Inspiring the most gifted of writers to abject inarticulacy, Queen Rania is one monarch we just can't help falling in love with.
The gorgeous Queen is well known for her sharp business sense, her elegance, and her outspokenness, and often espouses humanitarian and charitable concerns.
2. Christy Turlington
Now 'Turly' is the one who put the super in supermodel.
Since 1987, she's graced about a thousand international magazine covers, including Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Esquire, and Elle.
Audiences around the world also cherish her great PETA (People for Ethical Treatment of Animals) ad where Christy appeared in the nude with a board saying 'I'd rather go naked than wear fur.'
Amen, Ms Turlington.
1. Angelina Jolie
This husky voiced daughter of legendary actor John Voight just can't seem to stop taking the world by storm!
Often referred to as the sexiest woman alive, Angelina's animal sensuality and primeval intensity are balanced by a strong humanitarian streak -- among other things, the scorcher actress is Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations.
Angie's been married to Billy Bob Thornton, accused of breaking up Brad Pitt's marriage with Jennifer Aniston, and has admitted that she finds a lot of women delicious.
Now, that's got to be the wildest chick in the world.
And we love every bit of the madness!
Going by those famous words from Franz Kafka, here are some women destined to keep men around the world forever young.
Here are the results of the Harpers & Queen magazine's list of the most beautiful women in the world, as compiled by 1,000 experts from the worlds of fashion, arts, and the media.
10. Charlotte, of Monaco
The most beautiful European princess, young Charlotte Marie Pomeline Casiraghi has many an admirer, blue-blooded and otherwise.
The attractive girl with an obsession for equestrian sport is legendary actress Grace Kelly's granddaughter.
9. Aishwarya Rai
Yes, that's right!
The esteemed British publication has our very own Ms Rai breaking into the top ten.
8. Kate Moss
Stirring up immense controversy in the early part of her career for her notoriously thin 'waif' look, Kate is indeed a dramatically dazzling woman.
Recently, a warped painting of Kate by Lucian Freud, picturing her as naked and visibly pregnant, sold at Christie's for $7.2 million.
7. Emmanuelle B� art
A luscious French actress, Emmanuelle is a classical European enchantress.
Daughter of French singer and poet Guy B �art, her greatest success till date is her role as a nude model in Michel Piccoli's 1991 film, Belle noiseuse, La, or The Beautiful Troublemaker.
And her negative outing in the Tom Cruise-starrer Mission Impossible .
6. Uma Thurman
Ah yes. The Bride is back.
Uma Karuna Thurman, a moniker decidedly strange by Boston standards, was named thus by her celebrated Buddhist scholar father, Robert S Thurman.
Nominated for an Academy Award for her terrific work in Pulp Fiction , Uma's most memorable turn came with another Quentin Tarantino project she co-conceptualised: the fantastic Kill Bill films.
If death were to greet one, wielding a samurai sword -- God, let it look like Uma.
5. Nigella Lawson
Nigella Lawson is probably the only person in history to have declined an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) honour for 'her services to journalism and cookery', (in 2001).
The ravishing chef is often a subject of discussion amid young British males, most of whom presumably responded to the title of her cookbook, Nigella Bites, with an amused, 'oh, does she?
4. Sofia Coppola
A surprising decision, it's nonetheless fabulous to see the unconventionally irresistible young director so high up on a list like this.
Francis Ford Coppola's daughter, her film debut was as the baby (boy!) in the christening scene toward the climax of The Godfather (1972).
Sofia, winner of an Oscar for Lost In Translation, is currently dating Quentin Tarantino.
3. Queen Rania, of Jordan
Inspiring the most gifted of writers to abject inarticulacy, Queen Rania is one monarch we just can't help falling in love with.
The gorgeous Queen is well known for her sharp business sense, her elegance, and her outspokenness, and often espouses humanitarian and charitable concerns.
2. Christy Turlington
Now 'Turly' is the one who put the super in supermodel.
Since 1987, she's graced about a thousand international magazine covers, including Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Esquire, and Elle.
Audiences around the world also cherish her great PETA (People for Ethical Treatment of Animals) ad where Christy appeared in the nude with a board saying 'I'd rather go naked than wear fur.'
Amen, Ms Turlington.
1. Angelina Jolie
This husky voiced daughter of legendary actor John Voight just can't seem to stop taking the world by storm!
Often referred to as the sexiest woman alive, Angelina's animal sensuality and primeval intensity are balanced by a strong humanitarian streak -- among other things, the scorcher actress is Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations.
Angie's been married to Billy Bob Thornton, accused of breaking up Brad Pitt's marriage with Jennifer Aniston, and has admitted that she finds a lot of women delicious.
Now, that's got to be the wildest chick in the world.
And we love every bit of the madness!
Sunday, April 6, 2008
Indian food
India is the one of the most culturally, linguistically and genetically diverse country in the world. India is a living example for demonstrating wide range of traditions, manners, habits, tastes and customs.
Indian food types are diversed by the ingredients, spices and the cooking methods which are unique to the regional parts of the country. Rice and wheat are India’s main staple foods. Spicy food and sweets are very popular in India.
Turmeric Indian Restaurant offers a wide variety of delicious dishes and is committed to maintain the distinct class & refinement of both North and South Indian food.
North Indian receipe is distinguished by the proportionally high use of dairy products; milk, paneer (cheese), ghee (clarified butter), and yogurt as the common ingredients. Other common ingredients include chilies, saffron, and nuts. Naan, Kulcha, Bhatura, Tandoori Chicken, Samosa, Chicken 65, Channa Masala, Gulab Jamun are some of most popular North Indian Food.
South Indian receipes are mostly vegetarian dishes and produces some of the popular indian dishes. The use of rice, lentils, vegetables and the blending of spices provide the distinctive flavors and aromas of South Indian food. Chettinad food is one of the spiciest and the most aromatic in India. Dosas (Crepes), Idlis (Steamed dumplings), Vadas (Fried dumplings), Sambar(Lentil Soup), Briyani, Pesaratu Uppuma, Malabar Fish are some of the popular South Indian Food.
Up coming cars in India
Mitsubishi Montero AT
Wonder why Mitsubishi took so long to think of introducing an Automatic variant of the Montero for the Indian market when all the other SUV’s in the same price bracket have it as a standard feature? Well, let’s just say that it’s never too late.
Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
March2008
Volvo C70
The retractable hardtop, Volvo C70, has been turning heads since its launch worldwide and proves conclusively that sleek and stylish Scandinavian design can sit comfortable with leading safety innovations. With Volvo, enjoy and preserve life.
Business StandardDomain-bThe Hindu Business Line] fixedrelx=[0] fixedrely=[13] requireclick=[on] cssheader=[toolRelatedUrlHead] cssbody=[toolRelatedUrlBody] singleclickstop=[on]" href="javascript:;">Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
April2008
Hyundai i10 Automatic
Even though Hyundai hasn’t recorded staggering sales figures with the Santro Automatic, they are heavily relying on changing Indian trends to score well with the automatic variant of the i10. Here’s wishing every small car buyer a happy ride.
Related Stories Expected Price: Rs. 5,00,000
April2008
Volkswagen New Beetle
Beetle’s back & this time round, it’s topped with newer technology, more safety features and personalization options. We’ve seen it in the movies & now we’ll see it on our roads. Here’s wishing you happiness from Beetle.
The Economic TimesThe HinduThe TelegraphThe Times Of India] fixedrelx=[0] fixedrely=[13] requireclick=[on] cssheader=[toolRelatedUrlHead] cssbody=[toolRelatedUrlBody] singleclickstop=[on]" href="javascript:;">Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
April2008
Mahindra Scorpio AT
The line-up from Mahindra will just get hotter this summer with the much awaited Automatic version of their highest selling model, the Scorpio, coming in. Well, in short, driving this beast just became a little more pleasurable.
Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
April2008
Fiat 500
Be what you want to be with Fiat 500/Cinquecento. You can stylize the car into being sporty, vintage or a technological powerhouse. Loaded with 1.3L Multijet engine, it produces 75 bhp & 145 nm torque. This once, consumer’s wish is Fiat’s command.
Fiat-IndiaForbesHindustan TimesOneIndia] fixedrelx=[0] fixedrely=[13] requireclick=[on] cssheader=[toolRelatedUrlHead] cssbody=[toolRelatedUrlBody] singleclickstop=[on]" href="javascript:;">Related Stories Expected Price: Rs. 12,00,000
May2008
Honda Accord (New)
Fans of Honda Accord have a reason to smile as its much awaited facelift will finally be here. This new stylish avatar of the sedan is expected to be offered in 2 different engines - a 2.4L 180bhp 4-cylinder and a more powerful 3.5L 270bhp V6.
Hindustan TimesHonda Car India] fixedrelx=[0] fixedrely=[13] requireclick=[on] cssheader=[toolRelatedUrlHead] cssbody=[toolRelatedUrlBody] singleclickstop=[on]" href="javascript:;">Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
May2008
Fiat Bravo
A 1.9L Multijet engine delivering 150 bhp & 305 nm torque. Chic & sleek interiors bolstered with sporty exteriors. Ever thought of a car as Beauty & Brains? Bravo from Fiat. It will be made available in India as a Completely-Built-Unit.
Fiat-IndiaForbesHindustan TimesOneIndiaThe Economic Times] fixedrelx=[0] fixedrely=[13] requireclick=[on] cssheader=[toolRelatedUrlHead] cssbody=[toolRelatedUrlBody] singleclickstop=[on]" href="javascript:;">Related Stories Expected Price: Rs. 16,00,000
May2008
Toyota Corolla (New)
The new Corolla 2008 can be best defined as Camry’s younger sibling. With a 1.6L and 1.8L engine in its bastion and a very torque-y performance, Toyota seems all set to get back to its vanquished territory of the most desired premium segment car.
Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
June2008
Audi A4 (New)
Excitingly versatile. That’s what Audi AG promises the new A4 to be. Well! We could not agree more. Complete with powerful distinctive lines, elegant and setting new standards of safety, the A4 seems to be in competition only with itself.
Business StandardDomain-BSifyThe Hindu Business LineThe Telegraph] fixedrelx=[0] fixedrely=[13] requireclick=[on] cssheader=[toolRelatedUrlHead] cssbody=[toolRelatedUrlBody] singleclickstop=[on]" href="javascript:;">Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
July2008
Wonder why Mitsubishi took so long to think of introducing an Automatic variant of the Montero for the Indian market when all the other SUV’s in the same price bracket have it as a standard feature? Well, let’s just say that it’s never too late.
Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
March2008
Volvo C70
The retractable hardtop, Volvo C70, has been turning heads since its launch worldwide and proves conclusively that sleek and stylish Scandinavian design can sit comfortable with leading safety innovations. With Volvo, enjoy and preserve life.
Business StandardDomain-bThe Hindu Business Line] fixedrelx=[0] fixedrely=[13] requireclick=[on] cssheader=[toolRelatedUrlHead] cssbody=[toolRelatedUrlBody] singleclickstop=[on]" href="javascript:;">Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
April2008
Hyundai i10 Automatic
Even though Hyundai hasn’t recorded staggering sales figures with the Santro Automatic, they are heavily relying on changing Indian trends to score well with the automatic variant of the i10. Here’s wishing every small car buyer a happy ride.
Related Stories Expected Price: Rs. 5,00,000
April2008
Volkswagen New Beetle
Beetle’s back & this time round, it’s topped with newer technology, more safety features and personalization options. We’ve seen it in the movies & now we’ll see it on our roads. Here’s wishing you happiness from Beetle.
The Economic TimesThe HinduThe TelegraphThe Times Of India] fixedrelx=[0] fixedrely=[13] requireclick=[on] cssheader=[toolRelatedUrlHead] cssbody=[toolRelatedUrlBody] singleclickstop=[on]" href="javascript:;">Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
April2008
Mahindra Scorpio AT
The line-up from Mahindra will just get hotter this summer with the much awaited Automatic version of their highest selling model, the Scorpio, coming in. Well, in short, driving this beast just became a little more pleasurable.
Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
April2008
Fiat 500
Be what you want to be with Fiat 500/Cinquecento. You can stylize the car into being sporty, vintage or a technological powerhouse. Loaded with 1.3L Multijet engine, it produces 75 bhp & 145 nm torque. This once, consumer’s wish is Fiat’s command.
Fiat-IndiaForbesHindustan TimesOneIndia] fixedrelx=[0] fixedrely=[13] requireclick=[on] cssheader=[toolRelatedUrlHead] cssbody=[toolRelatedUrlBody] singleclickstop=[on]" href="javascript:;">Related Stories Expected Price: Rs. 12,00,000
May2008
Honda Accord (New)
Fans of Honda Accord have a reason to smile as its much awaited facelift will finally be here. This new stylish avatar of the sedan is expected to be offered in 2 different engines - a 2.4L 180bhp 4-cylinder and a more powerful 3.5L 270bhp V6.
Hindustan TimesHonda Car India] fixedrelx=[0] fixedrely=[13] requireclick=[on] cssheader=[toolRelatedUrlHead] cssbody=[toolRelatedUrlBody] singleclickstop=[on]" href="javascript:;">Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
May2008
Fiat Bravo
A 1.9L Multijet engine delivering 150 bhp & 305 nm torque. Chic & sleek interiors bolstered with sporty exteriors. Ever thought of a car as Beauty & Brains? Bravo from Fiat. It will be made available in India as a Completely-Built-Unit.
Fiat-IndiaForbesHindustan TimesOneIndiaThe Economic Times] fixedrelx=[0] fixedrely=[13] requireclick=[on] cssheader=[toolRelatedUrlHead] cssbody=[toolRelatedUrlBody] singleclickstop=[on]" href="javascript:;">Related Stories Expected Price: Rs. 16,00,000
May2008
Toyota Corolla (New)
The new Corolla 2008 can be best defined as Camry’s younger sibling. With a 1.6L and 1.8L engine in its bastion and a very torque-y performance, Toyota seems all set to get back to its vanquished territory of the most desired premium segment car.
Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
June2008
Audi A4 (New)
Excitingly versatile. That’s what Audi AG promises the new A4 to be. Well! We could not agree more. Complete with powerful distinctive lines, elegant and setting new standards of safety, the A4 seems to be in competition only with itself.
Business StandardDomain-BSifyThe Hindu Business LineThe Telegraph] fixedrelx=[0] fixedrely=[13] requireclick=[on] cssheader=[toolRelatedUrlHead] cssbody=[toolRelatedUrlBody] singleclickstop=[on]" href="javascript:;">Related Stories Expected Price: Unknown
July2008
Computer Memory
This article is set up in two parts,
one part about RAM overview and a second part about RAM upgrade. If you are curious on how the RAM works, you will find a detail summary that should give you all the information that you need to know about RAM, organization and speed. If you just want to read the how to upgrade section, move on directly to part two Upgrade your laptop ram in 5 minutes or less.
1 – RAM Overview There are two big categories of random access memories:
* Dynamic memories (DRAM, Dynamic Random Access Module), not very costly. They are in most cases used for the central memory of the computer
* Static memories (SRAM, Static Random Access Module), quick and expensive. SRAM is notably used for cache memories of the processor Functioning of the random access memory The random access memory is constituted of hundred of thousand small condensers storing charges. When it is loaded, the logical state of the condenser is equal to 1, otherwise it belongs to 0, what means that every condenser represents one bit of memory. Given that condensers off-load, it is always necessary to recharge them in a space of regular time called cycle of refreshment. Memory DRAM requires cycles of refreshment for instance (Ns) is about 15 nanoseconds. Every condenser is coupled with a transistor allowing to "recover « or to change the state of the condenser. These transistors are lined up in form of matrix, that is they achieve a hut memory (so called memory) by a line and a column. So, for a memory of type DRAM, the time of access is of 60 nanoseconds (35ns of delay of cycle and 25 ns of time of latency). On a computer, the time of cycle corresponds contrary to the frequency of the clock, for instance for a computer pulsated in 200 MHz, the time of cycle is 5 ns (1 / (200*106)). As a result a computer having a frequency well brought up and using memories the time of access of which is much longer than the time of cycle of the processor must perform cycles of wait to access to the memory. In the case of a computer pulsated in 200 MHz using memories of types DRAM (which the time of access is of 60ns), there are 11 cycles of wait as a cycle of transfer. The performances of the computer are of as much diminished as there are cycles Formats of Random Access Memory (RAM) There are numerous types of random access memories. These all come in the form of barrettes of memory attachable on the motherboard.
* SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module): it is about printed circuits among which one of the faces has fleas of memory. There are two types of barrettes SIMM, according to the number of connector cables (30 or 72)
* DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Modulates) are from memories 64 bits, what explains why it is not necessary to match them. Barrettes DIMM have fleas of memory on both sides of printed circuit and have also 84 connector cables on each side, what endows them with a total of 168 brooches. They have bigger dimensions than barrettes SIMM (130x25mm).
* RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module, conscripts also RD-RAM or DRD-RAM) are from memories 64 bits developed by the society Rambus. They have 184 brooches. These barrettes have two notches of location (détrompeurs), avoiding very risk of confusion with the previous modules. Considering their well brought up speed of transfer, barrettes RIMM have a thermal film made responsible for ameliorating the clearing up of warmth. As in the case of DIMM, there are modules of smaller size, called SO RIMM (Small Outline RIMM), intended for laptop computers. Barrettes SO RIMM include only 160 brooches.
* DRAM (Dynamic RAM, dynamic RAM) is the type of memo most spread at the beginning of the millennium. It is about a memory from which transistors are lined up in a matrix according to lines and of columns. A transistor, coupled with a condenser gives the information of a bit. 1 byte consisting of 8 bits, a barrette of memory 256 Mb DRAM will contain 256 therefore * 2^10 * 2^10 = 256 * on 1024 * on 1024 = 268 435 456 bytes = 268 435 456 * 8 = 2 147 483 648 bits = 2 147 483 648 transistors. A 256 Mb barrette has so in reality a capacity of 268 435 456 bytes, that is 268 Mb! These are memories from which the time of access is 60 ns. On the other hand, accesses memory are made in general on data lined up consecutively in memory. So the mode of access in gust (burst mode) allows to achieve the three successive data in the first one without time of additional latency.
* DRAM FPM to speed up accesses to DRAM, there is a technology, called pagination consisting in achieving data located on the same column by changing the address of the line only, what allows to avoid the repetition of the number of column between the reading of each of the lines. They speak then about DRAM FPM (Fast Page Mode). FPM allows to acquire time of access in the order of 70 - 80 nanoseconds for a frequency of functioning that can go from 25 to 33 Mhz. * DRAM EDO (Extended Data Out, Goes out of data ameliorated sometimes also called "hyper-page") appears in 1995. The technology used with this type of memory consists in addressing the following column during the reading of the data of a column. It creates an overlapping of accesses allowing to save time on every cycle. The time of access to memory EDO is therefore about 50 - 60 nanoseconds for a frequency of functioning going 33 - 66 Mhz. So, RAM EDO, when it is used in mode gust allows to acquire cycles of form 5-2-2-2, that is a benefit of 4 cycles on the access to 4 data. As much as memory EDO did not accept the upper frequencies in 66 Mhz, it disappeared in aid of SDRAM. * SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM, translate synchronous RAM), appeared in 1997, allows a reading of data synchronized with the bus of the card-mother, contrary to memories EDO and FPM (qualified as asynchronous) having their own clock. SDRAM allows therefore to free itself from time of wait owed to synchronization with the card-mother. This one allows to acquire a cycle in mode gust of form 5-1-1-1, that is to say benefit of 3 cycles in comparison with RAM EDO. In that way SDRAM is able of working with a cadenza going until 150 Mhz, allowing him to acquire from time of access about 10 ns.
* DR-SDRAM (Direct Rambus DRAM or else RDRAM) is a type of memory allowing to transfer data on a bus of 16 wide bits to a cadenza of 800Mhz, what confers on him a band passer-by of 1,6 Go / s. As SDRAM, this type of memory is synchronized with the clock of the bus to ameliorate exchanges of data. * DDR-SDRAM (Double Dated Miss SDRAM) is a memory based on technology SDRAM, allowing to double the rate of transfer of SDRAM with equal frequency. Reading or writing of data in memory am accomplished on the basis of a clock. Standard memory DRAM uses a method conscript SDR (Single Data Fails) consisting in reading or writing data in every forehead going up. DDR allows to double the frequency of reading / writings, with a clock pulsated in the same frequency, by sending data in every forehead going up, as well as in every downward forehead. Memory DDR has in general a commercial appellation of type PCXXXX where "XXXX " represent the debit side in Mb / s.
* DDR2 (or DDR-II) allows to attain twice as well brought up debit sides as DDR with equal external frequency. They speak about QDR (Quadruple Dated Fail or quad-pumped) to indicate the method of reading and used writing. Memory DDR2 uses in effect two channels separated for reading and for writing, so it is able of sending or of accepting twice more data than DDR. 2 - Upgrading Your Laptop RAM upgrading a notebook memory is a specific simple process pending that you have the right RAM and are somewhat delicate. There are different types of RAM, and you must choose the one that is compatible with your notebook computer. Memory is also a fragile, so you need to be very cautious when installing it. You should ensure that the laptop is turned off and disconnected from any exterior power supply. No lights should be visible. It is a lot easier to install RAM on a laptop versus a desktop PC. Access to the memory slots is via a panel generally located in the bottom of the laptop. Once you have opened this panel with a small screwdriver you can see the existing memory. you can check the exact type of memory that your Notebook currently uses, because it is usually shown on the front of the memory strips and will be evident when you open up the memory panel. The memory strips are generally locked in with small clips on the ends of the strips. To take out existing memory, simply flip the clips and then remove the memory strips gently from their holding place. If you are simply adding memory, and there is space available, just add the new memory, gently pushing it in to ensure it is fully seated in the slots, and then push the clips to hold the new memory in place. Once you have replaced or added your Notebook computer memory, replace the access panel, and then screw the panel back in place. Lastly, power up the notebook, When the PC starts up, it will count the memory and tell you how much RAM is loaded on your laptop. As long as you have right memory, the whole operation should take less than 5 minutes, you can then enjoy your faster, less crash prone laptop.
one part about RAM overview and a second part about RAM upgrade. If you are curious on how the RAM works, you will find a detail summary that should give you all the information that you need to know about RAM, organization and speed. If you just want to read the how to upgrade section, move on directly to part two Upgrade your laptop ram in 5 minutes or less.
1 – RAM Overview There are two big categories of random access memories:
* Dynamic memories (DRAM, Dynamic Random Access Module), not very costly. They are in most cases used for the central memory of the computer
* Static memories (SRAM, Static Random Access Module), quick and expensive. SRAM is notably used for cache memories of the processor Functioning of the random access memory The random access memory is constituted of hundred of thousand small condensers storing charges. When it is loaded, the logical state of the condenser is equal to 1, otherwise it belongs to 0, what means that every condenser represents one bit of memory. Given that condensers off-load, it is always necessary to recharge them in a space of regular time called cycle of refreshment. Memory DRAM requires cycles of refreshment for instance (Ns) is about 15 nanoseconds. Every condenser is coupled with a transistor allowing to "recover « or to change the state of the condenser. These transistors are lined up in form of matrix, that is they achieve a hut memory (so called memory) by a line and a column. So, for a memory of type DRAM, the time of access is of 60 nanoseconds (35ns of delay of cycle and 25 ns of time of latency). On a computer, the time of cycle corresponds contrary to the frequency of the clock, for instance for a computer pulsated in 200 MHz, the time of cycle is 5 ns (1 / (200*106)). As a result a computer having a frequency well brought up and using memories the time of access of which is much longer than the time of cycle of the processor must perform cycles of wait to access to the memory. In the case of a computer pulsated in 200 MHz using memories of types DRAM (which the time of access is of 60ns), there are 11 cycles of wait as a cycle of transfer. The performances of the computer are of as much diminished as there are cycles Formats of Random Access Memory (RAM) There are numerous types of random access memories. These all come in the form of barrettes of memory attachable on the motherboard.
* SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module): it is about printed circuits among which one of the faces has fleas of memory. There are two types of barrettes SIMM, according to the number of connector cables (30 or 72)
* DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Modulates) are from memories 64 bits, what explains why it is not necessary to match them. Barrettes DIMM have fleas of memory on both sides of printed circuit and have also 84 connector cables on each side, what endows them with a total of 168 brooches. They have bigger dimensions than barrettes SIMM (130x25mm).
* RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module, conscripts also RD-RAM or DRD-RAM) are from memories 64 bits developed by the society Rambus. They have 184 brooches. These barrettes have two notches of location (détrompeurs), avoiding very risk of confusion with the previous modules. Considering their well brought up speed of transfer, barrettes RIMM have a thermal film made responsible for ameliorating the clearing up of warmth. As in the case of DIMM, there are modules of smaller size, called SO RIMM (Small Outline RIMM), intended for laptop computers. Barrettes SO RIMM include only 160 brooches.
* DRAM (Dynamic RAM, dynamic RAM) is the type of memo most spread at the beginning of the millennium. It is about a memory from which transistors are lined up in a matrix according to lines and of columns. A transistor, coupled with a condenser gives the information of a bit. 1 byte consisting of 8 bits, a barrette of memory 256 Mb DRAM will contain 256 therefore * 2^10 * 2^10 = 256 * on 1024 * on 1024 = 268 435 456 bytes = 268 435 456 * 8 = 2 147 483 648 bits = 2 147 483 648 transistors. A 256 Mb barrette has so in reality a capacity of 268 435 456 bytes, that is 268 Mb! These are memories from which the time of access is 60 ns. On the other hand, accesses memory are made in general on data lined up consecutively in memory. So the mode of access in gust (burst mode) allows to achieve the three successive data in the first one without time of additional latency.
* DRAM FPM to speed up accesses to DRAM, there is a technology, called pagination consisting in achieving data located on the same column by changing the address of the line only, what allows to avoid the repetition of the number of column between the reading of each of the lines. They speak then about DRAM FPM (Fast Page Mode). FPM allows to acquire time of access in the order of 70 - 80 nanoseconds for a frequency of functioning that can go from 25 to 33 Mhz. * DRAM EDO (Extended Data Out, Goes out of data ameliorated sometimes also called "hyper-page") appears in 1995. The technology used with this type of memory consists in addressing the following column during the reading of the data of a column. It creates an overlapping of accesses allowing to save time on every cycle. The time of access to memory EDO is therefore about 50 - 60 nanoseconds for a frequency of functioning going 33 - 66 Mhz. So, RAM EDO, when it is used in mode gust allows to acquire cycles of form 5-2-2-2, that is a benefit of 4 cycles on the access to 4 data. As much as memory EDO did not accept the upper frequencies in 66 Mhz, it disappeared in aid of SDRAM. * SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM, translate synchronous RAM), appeared in 1997, allows a reading of data synchronized with the bus of the card-mother, contrary to memories EDO and FPM (qualified as asynchronous) having their own clock. SDRAM allows therefore to free itself from time of wait owed to synchronization with the card-mother. This one allows to acquire a cycle in mode gust of form 5-1-1-1, that is to say benefit of 3 cycles in comparison with RAM EDO. In that way SDRAM is able of working with a cadenza going until 150 Mhz, allowing him to acquire from time of access about 10 ns.
* DR-SDRAM (Direct Rambus DRAM or else RDRAM) is a type of memory allowing to transfer data on a bus of 16 wide bits to a cadenza of 800Mhz, what confers on him a band passer-by of 1,6 Go / s. As SDRAM, this type of memory is synchronized with the clock of the bus to ameliorate exchanges of data. * DDR-SDRAM (Double Dated Miss SDRAM) is a memory based on technology SDRAM, allowing to double the rate of transfer of SDRAM with equal frequency. Reading or writing of data in memory am accomplished on the basis of a clock. Standard memory DRAM uses a method conscript SDR (Single Data Fails) consisting in reading or writing data in every forehead going up. DDR allows to double the frequency of reading / writings, with a clock pulsated in the same frequency, by sending data in every forehead going up, as well as in every downward forehead. Memory DDR has in general a commercial appellation of type PCXXXX where "XXXX " represent the debit side in Mb / s.
* DDR2 (or DDR-II) allows to attain twice as well brought up debit sides as DDR with equal external frequency. They speak about QDR (Quadruple Dated Fail or quad-pumped) to indicate the method of reading and used writing. Memory DDR2 uses in effect two channels separated for reading and for writing, so it is able of sending or of accepting twice more data than DDR. 2 - Upgrading Your Laptop RAM upgrading a notebook memory is a specific simple process pending that you have the right RAM and are somewhat delicate. There are different types of RAM, and you must choose the one that is compatible with your notebook computer. Memory is also a fragile, so you need to be very cautious when installing it. You should ensure that the laptop is turned off and disconnected from any exterior power supply. No lights should be visible. It is a lot easier to install RAM on a laptop versus a desktop PC. Access to the memory slots is via a panel generally located in the bottom of the laptop. Once you have opened this panel with a small screwdriver you can see the existing memory. you can check the exact type of memory that your Notebook currently uses, because it is usually shown on the front of the memory strips and will be evident when you open up the memory panel. The memory strips are generally locked in with small clips on the ends of the strips. To take out existing memory, simply flip the clips and then remove the memory strips gently from their holding place. If you are simply adding memory, and there is space available, just add the new memory, gently pushing it in to ensure it is fully seated in the slots, and then push the clips to hold the new memory in place. Once you have replaced or added your Notebook computer memory, replace the access panel, and then screw the panel back in place. Lastly, power up the notebook, When the PC starts up, it will count the memory and tell you how much RAM is loaded on your laptop. As long as you have right memory, the whole operation should take less than 5 minutes, you can then enjoy your faster, less crash prone laptop.
Processors
Notebooks & Mobile Devices :
Open up your world to an always connected digital life with notebooks and mobile devices based on Intel® technologies.
Intel® Centrino® Processor Technology
WiMAX
Mobile Internet Devices (MIDs)
Desktops :
Power. Performance. Brilliant entertainment. Breathe life into your digital home with the perfect desktop or entertainment PC built on Intel® technologies.
Intel® Core™2 Quad Processor
Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor
Intel® Core™2 Extreme Processor
Intel® Core™2 Processor with Viiv™ Technology
Intel® Pentium® Processor Family
Intel® Celeron® Processor Family
Open up your world to an always connected digital life with notebooks and mobile devices based on Intel® technologies.
Intel® Centrino® Processor Technology
WiMAX
Mobile Internet Devices (MIDs)
Desktops :
Power. Performance. Brilliant entertainment. Breathe life into your digital home with the perfect desktop or entertainment PC built on Intel® technologies.
Intel® Core™2 Quad Processor
Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor
Intel® Core™2 Extreme Processor
Intel® Core™2 Processor with Viiv™ Technology
Intel® Pentium® Processor Family
Intel® Celeron® Processor Family
7 Must Know Ways To Prevent Spam
Spam is the bane of everyone’s existence.
Unsolicited mail flooding mail boxes has caused many problems world wide. The widely accepted definition of spam is “Electronic communication that contains material of a commercial, solicitational, or illegal nature, directed as part of bulk distribution to any address.” The first step towards fighting spam is to learn how spam works. A useful source is CAUCE or the Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial Email and the SpamCon Foundation. Log on to the World Wide Web and read about ant-spam laws, government stand against spam, and coalitions that are working towards prevention of spamming. Be sure to take part in anti-spam community efforts by joining forums and groups. Spam can be prevented from entering your mail box by:
1. Determining the IP address of the sender and blocking it.
2. Use blacklist services like SBL (http://www.spamhaus.org/sbl) or the RBL (http://www.mailabuse.org/rbl) that maintain lists of IP addresses that are know originators of spammers. Blacklist services are efficient in blocking spam as they use the latest methods in preventing spam.
3. Use the spam guard services offered by email services like gmail and yahoo.
4. White list services where only mail from known addresses are approved by the recipient.
5. Use heuristic engines that look for keyword patterns that match know spam rules and block messages that contain known patterns. Well known heuristic engines include SpamAssassin that has a high detection rate.
6. Networked vigilance an open source initiative that involves continued maintenance of a data base and then the mail server asks a centralized VR node, Vipul’s razor for spam listings.
7. Using Bayesian filtering engines like SpamBayes , http://www.spambayes.org/. This has its uses as well as downside. Spam can also be blocked by configuring anti-virus software to scan emails for viruses. Desist from leaving your email address over the internet and signing up for freebies and news letters. Use a separate email account for this purpose. Stay abreast of anti-spam efforts and adopt the latest possible anti-virus software and firewall systems. Never open mails from people unknown to you and immediately report spam mails to the mail host/provider. Try standalone spam filtering software like Qurb eTrust Anti-Spam, iHate Spam, Spam Bully. Experts at PC World reported that almost 75 percent of email is spam mail and that in their study they found that SpamCatcher was one of the most affordable and simplest of anti-spam tools. Another notable product was InBoxer which works only with Out Look. Fighting spam is a world wide war and efforts are being made by software manufacturers, search engines, lay persons, as well as others.
Unsolicited mail flooding mail boxes has caused many problems world wide. The widely accepted definition of spam is “Electronic communication that contains material of a commercial, solicitational, or illegal nature, directed as part of bulk distribution to any address.” The first step towards fighting spam is to learn how spam works. A useful source is CAUCE or the Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial Email and the SpamCon Foundation. Log on to the World Wide Web and read about ant-spam laws, government stand against spam, and coalitions that are working towards prevention of spamming. Be sure to take part in anti-spam community efforts by joining forums and groups. Spam can be prevented from entering your mail box by:
1. Determining the IP address of the sender and blocking it.
2. Use blacklist services like SBL (http://www.spamhaus.org/sbl) or the RBL (http://www.mailabuse.org/rbl) that maintain lists of IP addresses that are know originators of spammers. Blacklist services are efficient in blocking spam as they use the latest methods in preventing spam.
3. Use the spam guard services offered by email services like gmail and yahoo.
4. White list services where only mail from known addresses are approved by the recipient.
5. Use heuristic engines that look for keyword patterns that match know spam rules and block messages that contain known patterns. Well known heuristic engines include SpamAssassin that has a high detection rate.
6. Networked vigilance an open source initiative that involves continued maintenance of a data base and then the mail server asks a centralized VR node, Vipul’s razor for spam listings.
7. Using Bayesian filtering engines like SpamBayes , http://www.spambayes.org/. This has its uses as well as downside. Spam can also be blocked by configuring anti-virus software to scan emails for viruses. Desist from leaving your email address over the internet and signing up for freebies and news letters. Use a separate email account for this purpose. Stay abreast of anti-spam efforts and adopt the latest possible anti-virus software and firewall systems. Never open mails from people unknown to you and immediately report spam mails to the mail host/provider. Try standalone spam filtering software like Qurb eTrust Anti-Spam, iHate Spam, Spam Bully. Experts at PC World reported that almost 75 percent of email is spam mail and that in their study they found that SpamCatcher was one of the most affordable and simplest of anti-spam tools. Another notable product was InBoxer which works only with Out Look. Fighting spam is a world wide war and efforts are being made by software manufacturers, search engines, lay persons, as well as others.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)